If you’re looking to add a touch of luxury and warmth to your interiors, Gold Pattern Granites are the ultimate choice. Their natural golden veins, elegant shine, and rich texture make every space look grand and timeless.
Let’s explore the Top 5 Gold Pattern Granites that can instantly transform your home into a royal space.
Also Read
1. Rivero Gold Granite - Imported Elegance from Brazil
Origin: Madurai Region, Tamil Nadu Color & Pattern: Cream base with flowing golden and brown veins resembling river waves. Specialty: Its natural “river flow” pattern gives a dynamic and artistic look - perfect for flooring, countertops, and wall claddings. Why Choose: The soft golden tone creates a soothing yet rich ambiance. It pairs well with warm lighting and wooden furniture.
2. Colonial Gold Granite - Subtle Indian Sophistication
Origin: Srikakulam Look: Cream background with light gold and grey specks. Why It’s Special: Soft, elegant, and easy to blend with any decor. Best For: Flooring, countertops, bathroom vanities. Royal Reason: Offers marble-like luxury with granite durability.
Origin: Rajasthan Look: White-beige base with strong golden and brown veins. Why It’s Special: Eye-catching contrast and mirror polish finish. Best For: Kitchen islands, hall flooring, and feature walls. Royal Reason: Creates a bold, statement look in modern spaces.
4. Madura Gold Granite - The Timeless Indian Beauty
Origin: Tamil Nadu, India Look: Rich golden yellow with red and brown mineral grains. Why It’s Special: Durable, classic, and Vastu-friendly. Best For: Flooring, exteriors, and temples. Royal Reason: Its golden hue radiates positivity and prosperity.
Origin: Brazil Look: White base with thick golden and grey crystal veins. Why It’s Special: Highly reflective, premium, and rare. Best For: Dining countertops, bars, and statement walls. Royal Reason: Looks like gold and crystal are naturally fused.
Italian marble has always been a symbol of luxury, beauty, and timeless elegance. Whether it’s the grand floors of a five-star hotel or the smooth countertop in a modern home, the charm of Italian marble never fades. But have you ever wondered where it all begins? How does this stunning stone travel from deep inside the Italian mountains to the polished piece you see in your home?
In this article, let’s uncover the complete journey of Italian marble - from quarry to your home, step by step.
The Birthplace of Italian Marble: Nature’s Masterpiece
Italian marble is born deep within the Apuan Alps of Tuscany and other regions such as Carrara, Calacatta, Botticino, and Verona. These areas are world-famous for their marble deposits formed millions of years ago under immense heat and pressure, transforming limestone into marble.
This is where the real magic begins. Unlike old traditional blasting methods that caused cracks, modern quarrying in Italy uses advanced diamond wire saws and chain cutters. These machines allow precise cutting with minimal waste.
The Process:
1. Drilling Holes: Technicians drill a series of holes in a straight line to insert the diamond wire.
2. Cutting Blocks: The wire saw runs through the holes, slowly cutting large marble blocks from the mountain.
3. Splitting & Lifting: Once separated, hydraulic jacks or airbags lift and tilt the blocks onto the quarry floor.
Each block can weigh 20 to 50 tons, and safety during this stage is a top priority.
Step Three: Transportation to the Processing Plant
Once the raw blocks are extracted, they are carefully loaded onto heavy-duty trucks and transported to processing plants - mostly located near Carrara or Verona. These plants are equipped with advanced Italian machinery for cutting, polishing, and finishing.
For example:
- A block of Calacatta marble extracted from Carrara may travel to a plant in Verona for processing before being exported to India or the Middle East.
At the processing plant, the massive marble blocks are converted into slabs using gang saws - machines fitted with dozens of blades that cut the stone simultaneously.
Gang Saw Cutting: Produces multiple slabs of uniform thickness (usually 16mm to 20mm).
Diamond Wire Saws: Used for special sizes and precision cuts.
The process is slow but ensures smooth, even slabs without cracks or damage.
Leather Finish: Slightly textured surface - popular for countertops and modern designs.
Italian factories use automated polishing lines with diamond abrasives to achieve flawless surfaces. The final shine can reach up to 95% reflectivity, which is what makes Italian marble so stunning.
Grades like Premium, Commercial, and Standard are assigned accordingly. This ensures that customers receive slabs suitable for their project quality and budget.
Once the marble reaches its destination country, it is received by importers or distributors. For example:
> In India, companies like ACE Marble & Granite LLP (Ranchi) import premium Italian marble directly from Italy, store it in climate-controlled warehouses, and display it in exclusive showrooms for architects, interior designers, and homeowners.
This is where you, the customer, first see the marble in its polished form.
Step Nine: Custom Cutting and Installation
When you choose your marble slab, it’s then cut to size based on your design needs - flooring, countertops, wall cladding, or bathroom decor.
Installation involves:
Leveling the surface.
Laying the marble with adhesive or cement.
Grouting and sealing for protection.
Professional installation ensures the marble’s shine and durability last for decades.
Step Ten: From Mountain to Home - The Final Look
And finally, the journey completes - from the majestic mountains of Italy to the elegance of your home. Every slab you see carries millions of years of history, nature’s craftsmanship, and the artistry of Italian quarrymen and engineers.
When you walk on that polished Italian marble floor, remember - it’s not just stone, it’s a story of nature, passion, and perfection.
Conclusion
Italian marble is not just a construction material - it’s a legacy of nature and human craftsmanship. From careful quarrying to precise cutting, polishing, and installation, every step in its journey adds to its unmatched beauty and value.
So, the next time you admire that stunning white marble in your living room, you’ll know the extraordinary story behind it - the story that began high up in the Italian mountains.
When it comes to combining luxury, strength, and timeless elegance in flooring, granite remains the most trusted choice across India. For centuries, granite has adorned palaces, temples, and modern homes alike — and it continues to define sophisticated interiors today.
We believe every slab of granite is a masterpiece of nature — unique in pattern, color, and character. Whether you’re designing a contemporary villa, a corporate lobby granite flooring delivers exceptional durability and timeless beauty.
In this comprehensive guide, we bring you the 10 High-Quality Granite Flooring Colors in India — each selected for its popularity, strength, and stunning aesthetics in 2025.
Granite is not just another flooring material; it’s a statement of elegance and endurance. Here’s why Indian homeowners and architects continue to trust granite for floors:
1. Superior Durability
Granite endures for generations, effortlessly with standing heavy foot traffic, moisture, and temperature changes.
Each granite slab boasts its own unique texture, grain patterns, and color variations —make sure that every floor becomes a one-of-a-kind masterpiece of natural beauty.
3. Effortless Maintenance and Care
When properly sealed, granite floors retain their shine, resist stains, and remain effortlessly easy to maintain — making them right for both busy homes and commercial environments.
4. Adds Property Value
Granite flooring instantly increases your home’s market value and luxury quotient, offering beauty and longevity in one.
Below are India’s most loved and trending granite flooring colors — handpicked by Ace Marbles And Granites for their strength, versatility, and stunning appeal in 2025.
1. Black Galaxy Granite
A timeless classic, Black Galaxy Granite is India’s pride — quarried mainly from Andhra Pradesh. Its deep black base dotted with golden and silver flecks resembles a star-studded sky.
Highlights:
Highly polished surface for a luxurious finish.
Resistant to stains and scratches.
Perfect for both residential and commercial interiors.
Best For: Luxury villas, office lobbies, staircases, and high-end interiors.
Design Tip: Pair with light-colored walls and gold or brass accents for a bold, contemporary contrast.
Clear and elegant, Imperial White Granite is celebrated for its pure white background and subtle grey textures. It adds an airy and refined feel to any interior.
Highlights:
Reflects natural light beautifully.
Offers a minimalist and graceful appearance.
Suitable for both indoor and outdoor uses.
Best For: Bedrooms, bathrooms, and minimalist living areas.
Design Tip: Combine with wooden furniture or pastel décor to create harmony and warmth.
Rich, warm, and inviting — Tan Brown Granite is a stunning combination of dark brown, black, and grey mineral patterns that bring cozy sophistication to interiors.
Highlights:
Exceptional durability and heat resistance.
Easy to clean and maintain.
Works beautifully in Indian climates.
Best For: Kitchen floors, countertops, and large living spaces.
Design Tip: Pair with beige or cream tones to highlight the stone’s natural warmth.
Soft, subtle, and timeless — Kashmir White Granite features a milky white base with fine grey and red specks. It brings calmness and brightness to every room.
Highlights:
Adds freshness and visual space to interiors.
Versatile and long-lasting.
Naturally elegant for all design styles.
Best For: Living rooms, foyers, and modern apartments.
Design Tip: Contrast with darker furniture and accent rugs for balance and sophistication.
Cheerful and charming, Rosy Pink Granite from Rajasthan brings a soft, welcoming glow to any home. Its subtle pink tone is ideal for creating warm and friendly spaces.
Highlights:
Affordable and stylish.
Naturally conceals dust and minor stains.
Perfect for both traditional and modern homes.
Best For: Residential spaces, staircases, and hallways.
Design Tip: Match with off-white or ivory décor for a pastel-inspired, soothing effect.
7. Absolute Black Granite
Bold, sleek, and modern — Absolute Black Granite exudes unmatched sophistication. Its uniform deep black finish makes it a favorite among architects and interior designers.
Highlights:
Scratch-resistant and long-lasting.
Enhances luxury and modern appeal.
Perfect for high-traffic zones.
Best For: Corporate offices, luxury homes, and showrooms.
Design Tip: Pair with white or grey interiors to generate a timeless monochrome effect.
Vibrant and majestic, Lakha Red Granite is famous for its rich red color and black-grey patterns. It embodies traditional Indian elegance.
Highlights:
Durable, weather-resistant, and long-lasting.
Retains color and polish for years.
Represents prosperity and cultural heritage.
Best For: Temples, pooja rooms, and heritage-style interiors.
Design Tip: Use as accent flooring or borders in modern homes for a touch of traditional grandeur.
9. Colonial Gold Granite
Elegant and warm, Colonial Gold Granite combines beige, cream, and golden tones to create a soft, luxurious look. It radiates warmth and class.
Highlights:
Perfect balance between subtlety and richness.
Works beautifully in spacious interiors.
Complements wood, metal, and glass finishes.
Best For: Dining areas, living rooms, and high-end villas.
Design Tip: Use ambient lighting to highlight its natural golden shimmer.
10. Jhansi Red Granite
Bold, enduring, and proudly Indian — Jhansi Red Granite embodies power and heritage. Its rich red tone and fine-grained texture create a striking statement that adds timeless character to any space.
Highlights:
Extremely hard and long-lasting.
Ideal for both interior and exterior use.
Classic color that never fades.
Best For: Outdoor spaces, staircases, and traditional Indian homes.
Design Tip: Combine with neutral or earthy wall tones to let the red brilliance stand out.
How to Choose the Perfect Granite Color for Your Space
Selecting the right granite depends on your design goals, lighting, and daily use. Here’s how our experts recommend making your choice:
For Smaller Rooms: Choose lighter granites like Imperial White or Kashmir White to make the space feel larger.
For Larger Areas: Go bold with Black Galaxy or Tan Brown for striking elegance.
For Modern Designs: Stick to Steel Grey, Absolute Black, or Colonial Gold for minimalist appeal.
For Traditional Homes:Lakha Red, Rosy Pink, or Jhansi Red bring warmth and cultural richness.
For Easy Maintenance: Medium-tone granites like Tan Brown or Steel Grey hide dust effectively.
Finish Options:
Polished: High shine and reflective elegance.
Honed: Smooth matte finish for subtle modernity.
Leathered: Textured finish ideal for rustic designs.
Properly Caring for Your Granite Floors
To maintain your granite flooring’s natural shine and logevility, follow these steps:
Seal Annually: Prevents moisture absorption and staining.
Clean with Mild Soap: Avoid acidic or harmful chemical cleaners.
Use Soft Cloth: Prevents scratches and dulling.
Polish Periodically: Enhances shine and preserves finish.
Protect Entry Points: Use rugs or mats in high-traffic areas.
We provide guidance on granite care and finishing to ensure your floors remain pristine for decades.
Why Choose Ace Marbles And Granites
We don’t just sell stones — we deliver craftsmanship, quality, and trust that lasts a lifetime.
What Sets Us Apart:
Direct sourcing from the finest quarries across India.
Rigorous quality inspection for polish, grain, and strength.
Custom sizes, finishes, and edge profiles available.
Pan-India delivery and expert installation support.
Dedicated consultation from design to maintenance.
Our team ensures that every slab from Ace Marbles And Granites meets the highest standards of aesthetics and durability — because we know your space deserves the best.
Final Thoughts
Granite flooring is more than just a design element — it’s a celebration of natural artistry and strength. Whether it’s the boldness of Black Galaxy, the calm of Kashmir White, or the warmth of Colonial Gold, each stone tells a story that never fades.
At Ace Marbles And Granites, we bring you India’s most premium granite flooring colors, carefully selected and perfectly finished to elevate every space.
Discover India’s best granite flooring options — exclusively. Let nature’s artistry meet your imagination and craftsmanship, and build floors that truly last forever.
Brown-black granite is one of the most elegant and versatile stones available today. Its combination of deep brown tones enriched with black flecks or veins creates a sophisticated surface that suits modern apartments, traditional homes, offices, and outdoor areas alike.
At Ace Marbles and Granites, we pride ourselves on offering premium-quality brown-black granite at the best price in India for 2025. This guide walks you through what makes brown-black granite special, how to choose the right type, and why buying directly from our collection ensures both quality and value.
Brown-black granite stands out because of its natural blend of warmth and depth. The brown hues bring a welcoming earthiness, while the black accents add richness and contrast. This balance enables it to complement a diverse range of interior styles — from sleek, modern minimalism to refined, classic luxury.
Some of the popular varieties available in our collection include:
Tan Brown Granite: A deep chocolate-brown base highlighted by subtle black specks.
Black Tan Brown Granite: A bolder mix of black and brown tones that creates a dramatic look.
Coffee Brown Granite: A smooth, elegant brown with darker grains, perfect for understated luxury.
Every slab at Ace Marbles and Granites is hand-selected to ensure consistent pattern, optimal durability, and excellent finish.
We believe that premium stone should be accessible without compromising quality. Our Brown-Black Granite range is competitively priced because we source directly from trusted quarries and process the slabs in-house.
Standard flooring slabs (polished, 15–20 mm): competitively priced for everyday residential and commercial projects.
Designer or textured finishes (leathered, flamed, brushed): priced attractively for those seeking a premium look.
Custom-cut large slabs or specialty thickness: available on request with clear per-square-foot pricing.
By purchasing directly from Ace Marbles and Granites, customers avoid middleman mark-ups and receive genuine value.
Brown-black granite remains one of the most reliable and stylish choices for Indian homes and commercial spaces in 2025. It combines natural warmth, strength, and timeless appeal — a flooring and surface solution that grows in beauty over the years.
For those who want the best price without compromising on quality, Ace Marbles and Granites offers a carefully curated range of brown-black granite varieties to suit every need. Explore our collection, request a personalized quote, and bring home the enduring elegance of genuine granite.
Granite has always been synonymous with durability, elegance, and timeless beauty. In India, the preference for granite flooring continues to grow, and 2025 is no different. Modern homeowners and architects are now looking for flooring options that not only offer aesthetic appeal but also withstand daily wear and tear. Among the top suppliers in India, Ace Marbles and Granites stands out as a trusted name offering high-quality granite suitable for both residential and commercial projects.
This article explores the best granite stones for flooring in India, key considerations for choosing granite, and how it enhances your living or working spaces.
Granite is a naturally fall igneous rock that develops over millions of year known for its exceptional strength and natural beauty. Its popularity as a flooring material is due to several factors:
Unmatched Durability: Granite flooring can endure more foot traffic, making it an perfect choice for hallways, living rooms, and commercial spaces.
Aesthetic Versatility: Granite comes in a big range of colors and patterns, from deep black with golden specks to soft whites and earthy greens. This versatility allows designers to create spaces ranging from modern minimalism to traditional elegance.
Resistance to Stains and Heat: Granite is naturally resistant to heat and stains, which makes it an excellent choice for kitchens, outdoor patios, and other high-use areas.
Low Maintenance: Unlike other natural stones, granite requires minimal upkeep. Cleaning each day with gentle soap and water is usually sufficient.
Longevity: Properly installed and maintained granite flooring can last decades without losing its shine or structural integrity.
Due to these qualities, granite remains a top choice for homeowners, interior designers, and commercial developers alike.
Selecting the right granite is crucial to achieve the desired look and functionality. Below are some of the most popular granite varieties trending in India this year:
1. Black Galaxy Granite
Black Galaxy granite has gained popularity for its dramatic and luxurious appearance. Its deep black base with golden specks creates a striking visual effect, making it perfect for modern living rooms, foyers, and upscale commercial spaces.
Benefits: Extremely durable, hides dirt and scratches well, complements both light and dark interiors.
Best Uses: Living rooms, entrance areas, hotel lobbies, corporate offices.
2. Kashmir White Granite
Kashmir White granite is a favorite for those seeking a bright and airy interior. Its white base with soft gray patterns creates a spacious and elegant ambiance, suitable for contemporary homes.
Benefits: Reflects light, creates a clean and sophisticated look, pairs well with wooden or metallic furnishings.
Best Uses: Bedrooms, kitchens, hallways, and living areas.
3. Udaipur Green Granite
Udaipur Green granite offers a unique and earthy aesthetic. Its rich green tones with natural veining bring vibrancy to any space while maintaining a luxurious feel.
Benefits: Stands out as a statement flooring choice, durable and scratch-resistant, ideal for high-traffic areas.
Best Uses: Living rooms, dining areas, office spaces, feature flooring.
4. Colonial Red Granite
Colonial Red granite is known for its warm, reddish tones. It exudes a classic elegance that enhances both indoor and outdoor spaces.
Benefits: Adds warmth to interiors, durable for outdoor applications, complements traditional and rustic designs.
Best Uses: Patios, verandas, garden paths, and traditional living spaces.
5. Tan Brown Granite
Tan Brown granite is a versatile choice with a blend of brown and black patterns. It works well with various interior styles, from contemporary to classic.
Benefits: Hides dirt well, easy to maintain, neutral tones match multiple décor themes.
Best Uses: Kitchens, living rooms, corridors, and commercial spaces.
Factors to Consider While Choosing Granite Flooring
Choosing the right granite involves more than just picking a color or pattern. Consider the following factors to ensure the floor is both beautiful and practical:
1. Area of Installation
High-traffic areas such as hallways and living rooms require granite that can withstand constant use without showing wear. For bathrooms or kitchens, textured or matte finishes may be preferable to reduce slipperiness.
2. Finish Options
Granite comes in different finishes:
Polished Finish: Glossy and reflective, ideal for living rooms and dining areas where elegance is desired.
Honed Finish: Smooth but matte, providing a subtle look while reducing glare.
Flamed or Textured Finish: Rough surface, ideal for outdoor areas or wet zones due to its anti-slip properties.
3. Color and Pattern
Consider how the granite’s color and pattern blend with your interior design. Darker granite hides stains and scratches better, while lighter shades brighten up a room.Veining patterns can bring depth and character to expansive spaces.
4. Maintenance Requirements
Although granite is low-maintenance, some varieties may require occasional sealing to protect against stains, especially in kitchens or outdoor areas. Understanding the maintenance needs of your chosen granite will ensure it lasts for decades.
5. Budget
Granite prices vary depending on rarity, color, and quality. It is advisable to balance aesthetics with cost while ensuring you choose a reputable supplier for consistent quality.
Granite flooring can transform any space, making it not just functional but visually stunning. Here are some design inspirations:
Classic Elegance: Pair Black Galaxy or Colonial Red granite with wooden furniture and warm lighting for a timeless look.
Minimalist Modern: Use Kashmir White granite with neutral walls and sleek furniture for a spacious and modern feel.
Nature-Inspired Interiors: Incorporate Udaipur Green granite with indoor plants and earthy décor for a natural vibe.
Commercial Spaces: Dark-toned granites like Tan Brown or Black Galaxy work well in offices and retail spaces, providing a professional and polished look.
Outdoor Harmony: Flamed or textured granite varieties make patios, gardens, and verandas safe, durable, and visually appealing.
In 2025, granite continues to be one of the best flooring options for Indian homes and commercial spaces. Its power, versatility, and aesthetic appeal make it a valuable long-term investment. From the luxurious Black Galaxy to the earthy Udaipur Green, each variety brings a unique charm and elegance to your interiors.
With expert guidance and premium products from Ace Marbles and Granites, you can transform any space into a statement of style and sophistication. Whether for contemporary, traditional, or outdoor spaces, granite flooring ensures durability, beauty, and timeless appeal for years to come.
When it comes to designing a modern kitchen, homeowners today are not just looking for style—they want durability, hygiene, and low maintenance too. Among all countertop materials available today, Quartz has rapidly become the number one choice for contemporary kitchens. But what makes quartz so special? Let’s explore in detail.
Quartz is an engineered stone made by combining around 90–95% natural quartz crystals with resins and pigments. This unique composition gives it the strength of natural stone while allowing endless possibilities in color, texture, and finish.
Unlike granite or marble—which are purely natural and have to be sealed regularly—quartz is non-porous, which means it doesn’t absorb water, oil, or stains.
Example: Imagine you spill turmeric or wine on your kitchen countertop—while natural stone might stain, quartz can be cleaned with a simple wipe.
2. The Aesthetic Appeal of Quartz
Modern kitchens are all about elegance with simplicity. Quartz offers a wide range of colors and patterns, from marble-like veins to solid minimalist tones, allowing you to match it perfectly with your kitchen theme.
Example: If you’re creating a luxury white kitchen, a pure white quartz with subtle grey veining gives a sophisticated look that feels like marble—but is far easier to maintain.
3. Durability that Lasts for Decades
Quartz is one of the hardest minerals on earth, making quartz surfaces extremely tough and long-lasting. It resists scratches, chips, and cracks better than most natural stones.
Example: If you often chop vegetables or place hot pots directly on the counter, quartz can handle that daily stress with minimal wear.
4. Low Maintenance – A Major Advantage
No need for yearly polishing or sealing. Quartz surfaces require minimal maintenance—just clean with a mild detergent and soft cloth.
Example: Busy families or working professionals can save time and effort, as quartz doesn’t demand constant care like marble or granite.
5. Hygienic and Safe for Food Preparation
Quartz surfaces are non-porous, which means they don’t allow bacteria or germs to grow. This makes them a safe and hygienic choice for kitchen countertops, especially in homes with kids.
Example: When rolling dough or chopping vegetables directly on the counter, you can be confident that the surface remains sanitary.
6. Eco-Friendly Manufacturing
Quartz is an environmentally friendly choice because it uses crushed natural quartz and requires less quarrying. Modern brands, like ACE Quartz Surfaces, ensure eco-conscious production with minimal waste and sustainable processes.
7. Value for Money
While quartz may have a higher initial cost than some natural stones, it pays off in the long run. Thanks to its durability, minimal upkeep, and timeless look, it offers a high return on investment for your kitchen.
Example: Homeowners who install quartz countertops often find that their kitchen retains a “new” look for years—boosting both aesthetics and property value.
Why “ACE Marble & Granite” is the Best Place to Buy Quartz
If you’re looking for the finest quartz surfaces in Ranchi or anywhere in Jharkhand, ACE Marble & Granite LLP is the most trusted destination.
Here’s why:
In-House Manufacturing: ACE Quartz Surfaces?
ACE Marble proudly manufactures its own quartz under the brand ACE Quartz Surfaces, ensuring strict quality control, advanced technology, and premium craftsmanship.
Wide Range of Designs?
From subtle neutrals to bold designer shades, ACE Quartz Surfaces offers exclusive patterns and textures tailored to suit every kitchen style—whether modern, minimal, or luxurious.
Competitive Pricing?
By manufacturing quartz in-house, ACE eliminates middlemen costs, providing customers premium quality at factory-direct prices.
Expert Consultation and After-Sales Support?
The team at ACE helps clients select the right quartz surface based on lifestyle, design preferences, and budget. Their after-sales service ensures customer satisfaction long after installation.
FAQs about Quartz Countertops
Yes. Quartz is non-porous, more resistant to stains, and requires less maintenance than granite, making it more practical for modern kitchens.
Quartz can handle moderate heat, but it’s advisable to use trivets for extremely hot pans to prevent resin damage.
Simply use a mild detergent, warm water, and a soft cloth. Avoid harsh chemicals or abrasive pads.
No, quartz retains its original finish for many years without polishing or sealing.
You can explore the latest designs of ACE Quartz Surfaces exclusively at ACE Marble & Granite LLP, Ranchi.
Concluding
Quartz has truly revolutionized modern kitchen design. It blends beauty, strength, and practicality, making it a favorite for homeowners and designers alike. And when it comes to finding the best quality quartz surfaces, ACE Marble & Granite LLP—with its trusted brand ACE Quartz Surfaces—stands out as the most reliable and value-driven choice.
